Before anyone can begin studying folkloric vampires seriously, they must
know the history of the region(s) where such vampires are found.
"The all important development in the Balkan Penisula... was the
influx of the Slavic people."1
In the 300's A.D., Slavic
people gradually began to drift southward from the Danube
Valley (around modern-day Austria) and
into the Balkans. There they formed tribes and farmed the land. These waves of
migration continued until the early 600's. As the Slavs moved in, they
displaced or assimilated the native Balkan inhabitants. The Illyrians were
assimilated or forced into modern-day Albania. The Greeks, on the other
hand, assimilated the Slavic tribes. Tharacians and Dacians retreated to
isolated mountain areas and stayed in relatively small groups. Several
centuries later they reappear as nomadic Vlachs and northern Romanians. The
Slavs themselves eventually formed into four groups: Slovenes, Croatians, Serbs
and Slavs, later known as Bulgarians. They were roughly situated in what is now
modern-day Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia
and Bulgaria--
(see map). They formed a group known as Southern Slavs, united with Western and
Eastern Slavs by a commonality of language and
ancestry. These Southern Slavic states also form part of what is known as the
Balkans or the Balkan Peninsula.The first of the Slavic empires that was organized was that of the Bulgarians. The Bulgarians themselves were not Slavs, but warlike and nomadic people, known as Finno-Tatars and related to the Huns. After subduing the Slavs, they left were left to rule themselves. Bulgarians who remained in the area were assimilated into the Slavic culture, although they Slavs themselves kept the non-Slavic name "Bulgarian" to identify themselves and, later, their country. Nothing else remains of the Bulgarians among the people or the language. Later, a leader-- or Khan-- known as Khan Boris made substansial conquests in the name of the Bulgarian Empire, including one south
into Constantinople. In exchange for official recognition by the Byzantine Empire, Khan Boris agreed to adopt Orthodox Christianity. With the help of Greek Orthodox missionaries, the Bulgarians, in large part, converted to Orthodox Christianity. The Greek missionaries also created an alphabet and translated the Scriptures into Slavonic, and this, rather than Greek or Latin, became the official language of the Bulgarian church. The Bulgarian Empire's high point was during the rule of Simeon-- Boris's son-- 893-927.
At the time the Bulgarians were becoming Orthodox, their neighbors, the Serbs, were also converting. However, there was a struggle in Croatia and Slovenia between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. Eventually, though, the Catholic Church prevailed in both regions. The Byzantine Empire, however, was soon to prevail over the Slavs, as it conquered the Bulgarian Empire when it crumbled after Simeon's death. But quickly after their triumph over the Bulgarian state, the Byzantine Empire began its own descent. With the power of Constantinople seriously weakened, the Bulgarians and the Serbians, were able to revive Slavic power.
L.S. Stavrianos
Rinehart & Company, Inc.
New York, ©1958
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